Researchers from the University of Wisconsin, Fudan University, Shanghai Medical College and other institutions successfully transformed human embryonic stem cells into nerve cells for the first time, helping mice restore their learning and memory abilities. This breakthrough result was published in the journal Nature Biotechnology on April 21st. The corresponding author of the article is Professor Su-Chun Zhang, a neurobiologist at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. He is currently employed as a Distinguished Professor of the Changjiang Scholars Award Program at Fudan University. The main research direction is in the field of stem cell research. It has used human embryonic stem cells to induce neural stem cells and motor neurons for the first time in the world.
Professor Zhang Suchun said: "The new research proves for the first time that human stem cells can successfully implant themselves into the brain to cure neurological deficits." "Once entering the mouse brain, the implanted stem cells will form two common Important neuronal types, which communicate with the chemical substances GABA or acetylcholine, respectively. These two types of neurons are associated with a variety of human behaviors, emotions, learning, memory, addiction, and many other mental problems. "
Cultivate human embryonic stem cells in the laboratory, using chemicals to promote embryonic stem cells to develop into nerve cells. In the past 15 years, Professor Zhang Suchun is a pioneer in this field. The mouse selected in the experiment is a special breed that does not reject transplants from other species. At the beginning of the study, the researchers deliberately destroyed a certain area of ​​the brain related to learning and memory. After receiving stem cell transplants, the researchers confirmed that these mice scored significantly better on routine learning and memory tests. For example, they are better at water maze testing.
Professor Zhang Suchun said that three measures are the key to successful research: location, timing and purity. "Developing brain cells will receive signals from their localized tissues, and the brain parts we choose can guide these cells to form GABA and cholinergic neurons." What was initially destroyed was a brain called the medial septum The area, which is connected to the hippocampus through GABA and cholinergic neurons. "This loop is the foundation on which we can learn and remember," Zhang Suchun said.
The researchers implanted transplanted cells into the other end of these memory circuits-the hippocampus, an important memory center. After being implanted in the brain, these transplanted cells began to specialize and connect with the appropriate cells in the hippocampus in response to chemical commands from the brain. Zhang Suchun said that this process is somewhat similar to the removal of a telephone line. If you can find the correct line, you can wire the replacement telephone line from either end.
In this article, Professor Zhang Suchun and first author Yan Liu (transliteration) use chemical methods to guide human embryonic stem cells to begin to differentiate into nerve cells, and then inject these intermediate cells into the mouse brain. Guide cells by local specialization to avoid the formation of unnecessary cell types in mice. It is essential to ensure that almost all transplanted cells become nerve cells, Zhang Suchun said: "This means that you can predict what their progeny will be, and future therapeutic applications, thus reducing the chance of injecting stem cells into tumors. In many In other transplantation experiments, the injection of early progenitor cells can lead to the formation of tumors. In our case, this did not happen because the transplanted cells were pure, designated cells of special fate, and therefore did not produce anything else. We need to make sure that we do n’t inject the seeds of cancer. "
Repairing the brain through cell replacement is a holy grail of stem cell transplantation. Both cell types are essential for brain function. Zhang Suchun said: "Cholinergic neurons are associated with Alzheimer's disease and Down syndrome. GABA neurons are involved in many other diseases, including schizophrenia, epilepsy, depression and addiction."
Although the results are tempting, stem cell therapy is unlikely to have an immediate effect. Zhang Suchun pointed out that "many mental illnesses, you still don't know which part of the brain has a problem." The new research is more likely to be used to construct drug screening and discovery models immediately. Source: Biocom
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